| Course | HLTH 3115 Public and Global Health |
|---|---|
| Week | Week 4 |
| Paper type | Country profile |
| Length | About 1,070 words, 6 pages |
| Format | APA 7 student paper |
| School | Walden University |
| Program | BS in Public Health |
| Updated | October 2026 |
Free sample paper for HLTH 3115 Week 4
Kenya's Measured Health Burden From Kenya's Own Series: Tuberculosis From the 2016 National Prevalence Survey and Child and Maternal Health From the 2014 and 2022 Demographic and Health Surveys
Student Name
Walden University
HLTH 3115: Public and Global Health
Instructor Name
Month Day, Year
Kenya's Measured Health Burden From Kenya's Own Series: Tuberculosis From the 2016 National Prevalence Survey and Child and Maternal Health From the 2014 and 2022 Demographic and Health Surveys
Approach
This profile reports measured health burden in Kenya using series that Kenyan institutions designed, carried out and published. Every figure is tied to the series that produced it, with the year and the population covered. The profile describes conditions and services, not people; it makes no claim about Kenyan habits, beliefs or national character, because no series measures those and the assignment does not ask for them.
Three series are used. The 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census, conducted by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), gives the population base. The 2016 Kenya Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey, led by the Ministry of Health's national tuberculosis program, gives the tuberculosis burden (Enos et al., 2018). The Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys of 2014 and 2022, implemented by KNBS with the Ministry of Health, give child and maternal health indicators (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics et al., 2015, 2023).
Population
The 2019 census counted 47,564,296 people in Kenya (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2019). International series built from United Nations estimates give a higher figure for the same year, which is a reminder that a profile's rates depend on whose denominator it uses. This profile reports rates as published by each series and does not recompute them.
Tuberculosis
The 2016 prevalence survey screened 63,050 adults aged 15 and older across 100 clusters, chosen to represent urban and rural areas, with chest X-rays and sputum testing (Enos et al., 2018). Weighted to the national adult population, its estimate was 558 confirmed pulmonary cases for every 100,000 adults.
The survey also measured how much disease the health system was missing. Set against the national program's notifications, the survey counted two and a half existing cases for each reported one, with the largest gaps among men, adults aged 25 to 34 and adults aged 65 and older. Of the people the survey diagnosed, 48% described a cough of over two weeks while 88.2% showed changes on chest X-ray, and nearly two-thirds of those with symptoms had not yet looked for care (Enos et al., 2018).
These findings describe the disease and the system's reach. They do not explain why men or urban adults carry more disease; the survey report discusses possible reasons, such as differences in care-seeking, but does not measure them directly.
Table 1
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevalence Among Adults Aged 15 and Older, Kenya, 2016
| Group | Prevalence per 100,000 | 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|
| All adults | 558 | 455-662 | |
| Men | 809 | 656-962 | |
| Women | 359 | 258-460 | |
| Aged 25-34 | 716 | 526-906 | |
| Urban | 760 | 539-981 | |
| Rural | 453 | 357-549 | |
Source: Kenya Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey 2016, as reported by Enos et al. (2018). Rates are weighted survey estimates for bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary disease.
Child Health
Between the two surveys, under-five mortality fell from 52 to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the share of children who were stunted, meaning too short for their age by international growth standards, fell from 26.0% to 17.6%. The share of births in health facilities rose sharply, from 61.2% to 87.7%. Basic vaccination coverage was about 80% in both surveys. The share of households owning at least one insecticide-treated net was lower in 2022 than in 2014; the survey does not report why, and the profile does not speculate.
Table 2
Selected Child and Maternal Health Indicators, Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys
| Indicator | 2014 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Under-five mortality, deaths per 1,000 live births | 52 | 41 | |
| Infant mortality, deaths per 1,000 live births | 39 | 32 | |
| Children under 5 who are stunted | 26.0% | 17.6% | |
| Children aged 12-23 months with all basic vaccinations | 79.4% | 80.1% | |
| Live births delivered in a health facility | 61.2% | 87.7% | |
| Women with 4 or more antenatal visits | 57.6% | 67.3% | |
| Households with at least one insecticide-treated net | 58.9% | 54.2% | |
Sources: Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys 2014 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics et al., 2015) and 2022 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics et al., 2023). Mortality rates refer to the five years before each survey; delivery and antenatal indicators refer to births in the period specified in each survey report.
Inequality Within the Country
National figures hide differences inside Kenya. The 2022 survey's stunting estimate for children in the bottom wealth fifth was 27.6%, against 8.7% at the top (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics et al., 2023). Facility births showed a similar spread by wealth. These gaps are measured; their causes are the subject of later analysis and are not assigned here.
How the Series Were Produced
Readers judging this profile should know how each series collected its numbers. The tuberculosis survey selected 100 clusters by probability proportional to size, separately in urban and rural areas, listed every eligible adult in each cluster and invited them to a mobile field site for symptom screening and chest X-ray; 83% of eligible adults took part, with higher participation among women than men (Enos et al., 2018). The Demographic and Health Surveys interview a nationally representative sample of households, measure children's height and weight directly and ask women about births, deaths and care in the years before the survey (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics et al., 2023). Both designs produce estimates with sampling error, which is why the tuberculosis table gives confidence intervals; differences smaller than those intervals should not be read as real.
What This Profile Does Not Claim
This profile does not describe how Kenyans think about illness, what they eat or how they live. It does not rank Kenya against other countries, because the series used here are designed to describe Kenya over time and by group, not to compare across borders. It does not explain trends, such as the fall in child mortality, because explanation requires evidence about causes that these series do not provide. Each statement above can be traced to a series maintained by a Kenyan institution, and that traceability is the profile's main claim to reliability.
Conclusion
Kenya's own series describe a country with a substantial tuberculosis burden concentrated among men, young adults and urban residents, much of it undetected by the health system in 2016, and with falling child mortality and stunting alongside a large rise in facility births between 2014 and 2022. Gaps between the poorest and wealthiest households remain wide. The profile reports these as measured and leaves explanation to analysis built for it.
References
Enos, M., Sitienei, J., Ong'ang'o, J., Mungai, B., Kamene, M., Wambugu, J., Kipruto, H., Manduku, V., Mburu, J., Nyaboke, D., Ngari, F., Omesa, E., Omale, N., Mwirigi, N., Okallo, G., Njoroge, J., Githiomi, M., Mwangi, M., Kirathe, D., ... Weyenga, H. (2018). Kenya tuberculosis prevalence survey 2016: Challenges and opportunities of ending TB in Kenya. PLoS One, 13(12), Article e0209098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209098
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2019). 2019 Kenya population and housing census: Volume I. Population by county and sub-county. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, & ICF. (2023). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, National AIDS Control Council, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development, & ICF International. (2015). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and ICF International. https://dhsprogram.com/
What the HLTH 3115 Week 4 instructions ask for
Country profiles invite generalization, and this assignment rewards avoiding it. Choose a country and identify health series produced by its own institutions, such as a national statistics office, a ministry survey or a census. Report measured burden from those series, giving the year, the population covered and the source for every figure. Use tables for indicators that change over time or differ by group. Explain briefly how each series collected its data, so readers can judge its reliability. Describe conditions and services, not people. Include a section that says what the profile does not claim, such as explanations of trends or comparisons the series were not designed to support. Keep any statement you cannot trace to a maintained series out of the paper entirely, however familiar it may sound.
How the HLTH 3115 Week 4 example is put together
The profile opens with its approach and its three series. A population section reports the 2019 census count and notes how international estimates differ. A tuberculosis section presents Table 1, prevalence by group from the 2016 survey reported by Enos and colleagues, and the survey's findings on missed cases. A child health section presents Table 2, indicators from the 2014 and 2022 Demographic and Health Surveys, with short descriptions of change. A section on inequality reports gaps by wealth. A section explains how the series were produced, and a final section lists what the profile does not claim, before a brief conclusion.
HLTH 3115 Week 4 rubric: what earns full marks
Faculty assess a country profile on sourcing discipline. Every figure should be tied to a named series, with year and population. Using sources produced within the country earns credit. Tables should be accurate and clearly labeled. Explaining how the data were collected shows critical reading. Faculty look closely for generalizations about a people or culture, which are penalized heavily even when well intended. A section stating what the profile does not claim is valued as evidence of restraint. Profiles that mix sources without labeling them, compare countries using incompatible series or explain trends without evidence earn less. Faculty also check that figures match the cited reports.
Common HLTH 3115 Week 4 mistakes, and how to avoid them
Start by finding the country's national statistics office and ministry of health publications, and the Demographic and Health Survey reports if the country has one. Make a list of the indicators you will report, with their source, year and population. Draft tables first, then write short paragraphs describing what the tables show. Every time you write a sentence about the country, ask which series supports it; if none does, cut it. Watch especially for sentences about how people behave or what they believe. A sample profile built from a country's own series is something we can prepare for you. When you finish, check each number against its source document one more time, since transcription errors are common in tables.
Get a HLTH 3115 Week 4 example written to your instructions
Name the country, send the Week 4 prompt with the rubric your classroom posted, and the desk returns a profile sourced to that country's own reporting alongside the global series, free for a first sample, in 24-48h. Every figure carries its publisher and year, and the profile describes what is measured rather than issuing generalizations about anyone.
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HLTH 3115 Week 4 questions, answered
Where can I find a free HLTH 3115 Week 4 sample paper?
The profile of Kenya's measured health burden from Kenyan series, with its tables and references, is free to read here.
Which series does the HLTH 3115 Week 4 example use?
Kenya's 2019 census, the 2016 national tuberculosis prevalence survey and the 2014 and 2022 Demographic and Health Surveys.
What does the tuberculosis table show?
Prevalence of 558 per 100,000 adults overall, higher among men, adults aged 25 to 34 and urban residents.
What changed between the two health surveys?
Under-five mortality and stunting fell, and facility births rose sharply.
What does the profile refuse to claim?
Anything about Kenyan habits, beliefs or national character, and any explanation of trends the series cannot support.